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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Cyclic succession ： ウィキペディア英語版 Cyclic succession Cyclic succession is a pattern of vegetation change in which in a small number of species tend to replace each other over time in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Observations of cyclic replacement have provided evidence against traditional Clementsian views of an end-state climax community with stable species compositions. Cyclic succession is one of several kinds of ecological succession, a concept in community ecology. When used narrowly, ‘cyclic succession’ refers to processes not initiated by wholesale exogenous disturbances or long-term physical changes in the environment.〔Morin, Peter Jay (1999). ''Community Ecology'', p. 342. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-86542-350-4, ISBN 978-0-86542-350-3〕 However, broader cyclic processes can also be observed in cases of secondary succession in which regular disturbances such as insect outbreaks can ‘reset’ an entire community to a previous stage.〔Mock, K.E., Bentz, B.J., O’Neill, E.M., Chong, J.P., Orwin, J., Pfrender, M.E. (2007). Landscape-scale genetic variation in a forest outbreak species, the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). ''Molecular Ecology'' 16, pp. 553–568.〕 These examples differ from the classic cases of cyclic succession discussed below in that entire species groups are exchanged, as opposed to one species for another. On geologic time scales, climate cycles can result in cyclic vegetation changes by directly altering the physical environment.〔Utescher T, Ivanov D, Harzhauser M, et al (2009). Cyclic climate and vegetation change in the late Miocene of Western Bulgaria. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology'' (online ). pp. 272(1/2):99-114.〕 ==History== The cyclic model of succession was proposed in 1947 by British ecologist Alexander Watt. In a seminal paper on vegetation patterns in grass, heath, and bog communities,〔Watt, Alexander (1947). Pattern and Process in the Plant Community. ''Journal of Ecology'', Vol. 35, No. 1/2, pp. 1-22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256497〕 Watt describes the plant community is a regenerating entity consisting of a “space-time mosaic” of species, whose cyclic behavior can be characterized by patch dynamics. Based on the current composition and its corresponding stage of succession, he explains, a community can either be in an ‘upgrade’ phase toward late-successional shrubs or ‘downgrade’ degenerate phase toward grasses. These phases would occur in a predictable cycle. Watt’s study has since become a classic example frequently cited in scientific ecology. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cyclic succession」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.